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　　中-英農(nóng)機雙語課堂| 對可持續(xù)農(nóng)業(yè)有特殊影響的三個領(lǐng)域

客戶信心consumer confidence，土壤壓實soil compaction，履帶拖拉機Tracked tractor，NIR (NEAR infra-red)近紅外，氮nitrogen，磷phosphorus，鉀potassium。以上單詞對您閱讀下文可能有幫助。 

在約翰迪爾最近舉行的首屆可持續(xù)發(fā)展日上，農(nóng)民、顧問和專家們討論了農(nóng)業(yè)機械行業(yè)如何有助于在經(jīng)濟和生態(tài)之間找到更好的平衡。特別是，數(shù)字解決方案可以減少對環(huán)境的影響，幫助農(nóng)民在減少使用礦物肥料、農(nóng)用化學(xué)品和燃料的情況下實現(xiàn)相同甚至更高的產(chǎn)量。 

約翰迪爾表示，農(nóng)民將成為氣候節(jié)約者，并補充說：“數(shù)字化是使農(nóng)業(yè)更加可持續(xù)的關(guān)鍵因素。它還通過增強文檔記錄提供了更好的透明度。這樣，農(nóng)民就能重拾消費信心。”

約翰迪爾確定了對農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)性具有特殊影響的三個領(lǐng)域： 

Soil protection – protecting the soil with modern design concepts;

土壤保護—用現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理念保護土壤

Fertilisation – using digital nutrient measurement to upgrade manure and slurry as a valuable organic fertiliser;

施肥—利用數(shù)字營養(yǎng)測量，將糞便和泥漿升級為有價值的有機肥料

Crop protection – reducing the use of agrochemicals by more precise applications. 

植?！ㄟ^更精確的應(yīng)用減少農(nóng)用化學(xué)品的使用

Increased soil protection

加強土壤保護 

Soil protection is mainly about using larger machinery footprints, which helps to avoid damaging soil compaction. This ensures greater soil fertility while increasing porosity and the soil’s capacity to store more nutrients and water.

土壤保護主要是使用更大的機械-土地接觸面積，有助于避免造成土壤壓實。這確保了更高的土壤肥力，同時增加了孔隙度和土壤儲存更多養(yǎng)分和水分的能力。 

In recent years, tractors have undoubtedly become heavier. Nevertheless, soil compaction has steadily decreased due to the use of larger tyres and the ability to work with low inflation pressures. For example, a modern 22-tonne tractor only puts a pressure of 0.6kg/cm2 on the ground, while a 3-tonne 75hp tractor built in the 1970s applies much more weight, at 1.5kg/cm2.

近年來，拖拉機無疑變得更重了。然而，由于使用了更大的輪胎以及能夠在低充氣壓力下工作，土壤壓實度穩(wěn)步下降。例如，一臺22噸的現(xiàn)代拖拉機只對地面造成0.6 kg/cm2(Mpa)的壓力，一臺建于20世紀70年代的3噸75馬力拖拉機的重量要大得多，達到1.5 kg/cm2(Mpa).

Tracked tractors are even gentler on the soil. A larger footprint also means less track depth, which reduces compaction in the deeper soil layers and reduces roll resistance.

履帶式拖拉機在土壤上更為溫和。更大的足跡也意味著更少的軌道深度，這減少了深層土壤的壓實度，降低了滾動阻力。 

Less roll resistance means lower fuel consumption and therefore fewer CO2 emissions. Tests have shown that fuel consumption can be reduced in this way by 10 per cent, so this innovative driving concept can make an active contribution to climate protection.

較小的滾動阻力意味著較低的燃油消耗量，從而減少二氧化碳排放量。測試表明，通過這種方式油耗可以降低10%，因此這種創(chuàng)新的駕駛理念可以為氣候保護做出積極貢獻。 

Fertilising more accurately with manure

更精確地施肥 

Fertilising farmland with manure is often the subject of critical public debate. There’s no doubt that slurry is a valuable organic fertiliser that needs to be used correctly. However, this only works if the farmer is able to determine the nutrient demand of the crop as well as the nutrient content of the manure.

給農(nóng)田施肥常常是公眾爭論的焦點。毫無疑問，泥漿是一種有價值的有機肥料，需要正確使用。然而，只有當(dāng)農(nóng)民能夠確定作物的養(yǎng)分需求以及肥料的養(yǎng)分含量時，這種方法才有效。 

Today, both can be measured accurately by taking soil and plant samples. The results allow farmers to create application maps, which make site-specific fertiliser applications possible.

如今，通過采集土壤和植物樣本，兩者都可以精確測量。研究結(jié)果使農(nóng)民能夠繪制施肥圖，從而使特定地點的施肥成為可能。 

With the John Deere HarvestLab sensor, the precise nutrient content of the manure can be accurately measured. The sensor’s NIR technology identifies the exact amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, even when the values vary. Controlled in real time by these active measurements and the application map recommendations, the tractor and slurry tanker are able to adjust the application rate automatically. This ensures the exact amount of organic fertiliser is applied according to the specific needs of the crop.

有了約翰迪爾收獲實驗室傳感器，肥料的精確營養(yǎng)含量可以精確測量。傳感器的NIR(近紅外)技術(shù)能識別氮、磷和鉀的確切數(shù)量，即使這些數(shù)值不同。通過主動測量和應(yīng)用圖建議的實時控制，拖拉機和泥漿罐車能夠自動調(diào)整應(yīng)用率。這確保了有機肥料的使用數(shù)量是根據(jù)作物的具體需要精確確定的。 

Over- and under-fertilisation is prevented, which avoids both air and water pollution, and the use of mineral fertilisers can be significantly reduced. Ultimately the environment will also benefit, since the production of fertilisers uses a lot of energy and generates a lot of CO2.

防止施肥過度和不足，避免空氣和水污染，并可顯著減少礦物肥料的使用。最終，環(huán)境也會受益，因為化肥的生產(chǎn)會消耗大量的能源，產(chǎn)生大量的二氧化碳。 

Targeted crop protection

植保靶向技術(shù) 

Overlaps and overdoses of agrochemicals should also be avoided. Technologically, these problems can be solved by accurate GPS-controlled driving solutions. At the same time, there is a growing trend towards the use of site-specific or even individual plant treatments instead of uniformly spraying complete fields.

還應(yīng)避免農(nóng)藥的重疊和過量使用。從技術(shù)上講，這些問題可以通過精確的GPS控制駕駛解決。同時，越來越多的趨勢是使用特定地點甚至個別植物處理，而不是均勻地噴灑整個田地。 

Site-specific applications divide fields into zones that can be treated differently. Drones or satellite images, for example, can measure crop density and related disease pressure, so the necessary fungicides can be applied. Again based on application maps, sections of the field are only treated where necessary. This approach can provide massive cost savings, depending on crop and field variations.

特定地點的應(yīng)用將農(nóng)田劃分為可以進行不同處理的區(qū)塊。例如，無人機或衛(wèi)星圖像可以測量作物密度和相關(guān)疾病壓力，因此可以使用必要的殺菌劑。同樣基于應(yīng)用地圖，僅在必要區(qū)域進行處理。根據(jù)作物和田地的不同，這種方法可以節(jié)省大量的成本。 

High-speed cameras and artificial intelligence help to capture crop populations, and can identify weeds and apply a herbicide at specific locations across the field. The advanced step is distinguish between weeds and the growing crop. Again, only the individual weeds are treated, while the crop is not affected.

高速攝像機和人工智能有助于捕捉作物種群，并能識別雜草和在整個田地的特定位置施用除草劑。先進的步驟是區(qū)分雜草和正在生長的作物。同樣，只處理個別雜草，而作物不受影響。 

Mechanical weed control also benefits from the use of high-speed camera technology. For organic farms in particular, this technology offers a real efficiency advantage. Even conventional farms can benefit by combining chemical and mechanical measures, and therefore significantly reduce the cost and environmental burden of herbicide use.

機械除草也得益于高速攝像技術(shù)的使用。特別是對于有機農(nóng)場，這種技術(shù)提供了真正的效率優(yōu)勢。即使是常規(guī)農(nóng)場也可以通過化學(xué)和機械措施的結(jié)合而受益，從而大大降低除草劑使用的成本和帶來的環(huán)境負擔(dān)。